Hesperos is organized around being able optimally to characterize individual human biology through innovative human body-on-a-chip technology for toxicological and efficacy testing. Though an ambitious goal, success potentially could radically reduce the cost of analysis and help predict an individual's response to new compounds. Spanning the fields of nano science, computational modeling, biomedical engineering, physiology, cell biology and surface chemistry, Hesperos personnel are directlyinvolved. Use of what could/can be done within these systems offers the promise of more advanced ways to model and characterize tissue and organ types. The effort is extrapolate even more from the complexity with which cells are programmed to respond when working together in a unified system, as more of the organs of the human body can be integrated onto a single chip.