Alcohol use disorder (AUD) affects 76 million adults world-wide, including 18 million Americans, and is responsible for serious medical, psychological, social, economic, and personal problems (1). The total economic cost of AUD to society is a staggering $224 billion each year in the United States (2). A total of $33 billion is spent each year to treat substance use disorder (SUD), with less than 4% of treatment spending for pharmacotherapy (3). Disulfiram, a noncompetitive, irreversible (suicide) inhibitor of ALDH2 and ALDH1 (4) (5) has been used to treat AUD for more than 50 years (6). Unfortunately, disulfiram is a more potent inhibitor of ALDH1, also inhibits ALDH5, and appears to bind non-selectively to many other enzymes and proteins, leading to adverse off-target effects (7). There is a clear unmet need for better treatments and greater utilization, with a large opportunity for safe and effective pharmacotherapies to treat AUD. AUD is a complex disorder. Volkow and Koob (8) postulate that a surge of dopamine (DA) drives craving and addictive behavior through reward circuits (9). Conditioned responses that trigger craving for alcohol motivate drug-seeking behaviors often leading to heavy use. Indeed, strong cravings can persist long after drug use has stopped (8). Alcohol and other addictive agents stimulate an increase in DA levels in the nucleus accumbens, which appears to mediate reward or reinforcement processes in brain (10) (11) (12). Selective, reversible, inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) has been shown to i) reduce self- administration of alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, and remifentanil (13) (14) (15); ii) reduce cue-reinstatement of alcohol, cocaine, methamphetamine (13) (14), and heroin (16); iii) reduce abnormal cravings for carbohydrate and fatty acids (17); and iv) prevents alcohol withdrawal anxiety as well as other causes of anxiety (18). Recently, a knockout of ALDH2 activity in mice reduces both total drinking of alcohol and binge drinking (19). Furthermore, individuals who are hetero- or homozygous or for the ALDH2*2 allele have markedly reduced or absent activity of ALDH2 and a lower risk of AUD, without affecting longevity, compared to wild-type ALDH2 gene carriers (20) (21). Clearly, decreased ALDH2 activity lowers the risk of AUD. In addition, our published preclinical findings suggest additional value for treating other addiction disorders. Our objective is to implement an innovative screening technology to invent new compounds that are potent, selective, and reversible inhibitors of ALDH2 for the safe treatment of patients with AUD. Drug optimization is a multi-objective undertaking and is an iterative process that integrates knowledge of structure- activity relationships for desired (ALDH2 inhibition) and undesired properties. This process will be aided by computer aided design and pharmacophore modelling (33). 1
Public Health Relevance Statement: NARRATIVE Preclinical and available clinical data highlight the potential of reversible ALDH2 inhibition as a promising validated target for treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Clinical experience with our lead compound, oral ANS-6637, revealed idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI), not observed in standard preclinical testing, suspending its further clinical development. Research supported by this Phase 1 SBIR grant shall lead to the invention of potent and safe new ALDH2 inhibitors to treat AUD. Terms: Adult; 21+ years old; Adult Human; adulthood; Affect; Alcohol consumption; Alcohol Drinking; EtOH drinking; EtOH use; alcohol ingestion; alcohol intake; alcohol product use; alcohol use; alcoholic beverage consumption; alcoholic drink intake; ethanol consumption; ethanol drinking; ethanol ingestion; ethanol intake; ethanol product use; ethanol use; alcohol use disorder; ethanol use disorder; Alcohols; Alcohol Chemical Class; Alleles; Allelomorphs; Amygdaloid structure; Amygdala; Amygdaloid Body; Amygdaloid Nucleus; amygdaloid nuclear complex; inhibitor/antagonist; inhibitor; Anxiety; Biological Assay; Assay; Bioassay; Biologic Assays; Brain; Brain Nervous System; Encephalon; Carbohydrates; Cell Line; CellLine; Strains Cell Lines; cultured cell line; Cell physiology; Cell Function; Cell Process; Cellular Function; Cellular Physiology; Cellular Process; Subcellular Process; Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medicinal Chemistry; Pharmaceutic Chemistry; Cocaine; Cues; Heroin; Diacetylmorphine; Diamorphine; Disease; Disorder; Disulfiram; Antabuse; Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide; Dopamine; Hydroxytyramine; Pharmacotherapy; Drug Therapy; drug treatment; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Drugs; Medication; Pharmaceutic Preparations; drug/agent; Economics; Enzymes; Enzyme Gene; Fatty Acids; Female; Genes; Goals; Grant; Human; Modern Man; In Vitro; Lead; Pb element; heavy metal Pb; heavy metal lead; Longevity; Length of Life; life span; lifespan; Metabolism; Intermediary Metabolism; Metabolic Processes; Methamphetamine; Crystal Meth; Deoxyephedrine; Desoxyephedrine; Methylamphetamine; N-Methylamphetamine; Mus; Mice; Mice Mammals; Murine; Neurosciences; Nicotine; Nucleus Accumbens; Patients; Proteins; Publishing; Conditioned Reflex; conditioned response; Psychological reinforcement; Reinforcement; Research Support; Rewards; Self Administration; Self-Administered; Sensitivity and Specificity; Societies; Structure-Activity Relationship; chemical structure function; structure function relationship; Substance Use Disorder; Technology; United States; Work; Addictive Behavior; Mediating; Computer-Aided Design; Computer-Assisted Design; Investigational New Drug Application; Clinical; Phase; Medical; psychologic; psychological; Chemicals; Hepatocyte; Hepatic Cells; Hepatic Parenchymal Cell; Liver Cells; Hepatotoxicity; Hepatotoxic effect; Liver Toxicity; Toxic effect on liver cells; hepatic toxicity; hepatoxicity; Alcohol withdrawal syndrome; alcohol withdrawal; ethanol withdrawal; withdrawal from alcohol; Individual; Drug usage; drug use; remifentanil; Knowledge; Complex; Oral; ALDH1; ALDH1 enzyme; aldehyde dehydrogenase 1; ethanol craving; alcohol craving; American; experience; success; cell immortalization; pharmacophore; novel; economic cost; ALDH; aldehyde dehydrogenases; binge alcohol consumption; episodic drinking; binge drinking; drug seeking behavior; social; Modeling; craving; Property; alcohol abuse treatment; alcohol treatment; alcohol abuse therapy; Bioavailable; Molecular Interaction; Binding; pre-clinical testing; Preclinical Testing; in vitro Assay; in vivo; Clinical Data; Small Business Innovation Research Grant; SBIR; Small Business Innovation Research; Knock-out; Knockout; Process; Development; developmental; pre-clinical; preclinical; alcohol prevention; prevent alcohol; preventing alcohol; Computer Assisted; computer aided; next generation; suicide inhibitor; innovation; innovate; innovative; addiction; addictive disorder; alcohol risk; screening; liver injury; Injury to Liver; hepatic damage; hepatic injury; liver damage; invention; clinical development
